Japanese Vocabulary for Reading a Payslip

A basic payslip usually has these four sections:
🔸 1.「勤怠」(きんたい）: the details of days and hours worked…
🔸 2.「支払」(しはらい）or 支給（しきゅう）: what the company pays you
🔸 3.「控除」(こうじょ）: the deductions
🔸 4.「差引支給額」(さしひきしきゅうがく）: the pay you take home after deductions

Each section in detail
🔸 1. 勤怠（きんたい）: attendance
所定（しょてい): the number of working days set for the month
出勤 (しゅっきん)：days worked
休出 (きゅうしゅつ)：days worked on days off
欠勤（けっきん)：days absent (illness, personal business, …)
遅刻時間（ちこくじかん)：hours late
早退時間（そうたいじかん）: hours left early

私用外出（しようがいしゅつ）: hours out on personal business during working time
年休（ねんきゅう）or 有休（ゆうきゅう): paid annual leave.
You normally get 10 days or more of paid leave after six months of work (rising year by year after that).

年休残 ( ねんきゅうざん）: annual leave remaining this year
病欠（びょうけつ）: days off sick (with a hospital certificate…)
出勤時間 ( しゅっきんじかん)：hours worked (for companies that pay by the hour)
残業時間 (ざんぎょうじかん)：overtime hours
深夜時間（しんやじかん )：late-night hours (after 10pm, paid at 25% extra)
休日時間（きゅうじつじかん）: hours worked on days off

🔸 2. 支払 ( しはらい）or 支給 （しきゅう）: what the company pays you
基本給 (きほんきゅう）：basic pay (the fixed monthly amount the company pays you; bonuses are calculated as a multiple of this basic pay…)
手当（てあて）：allowance
職務手当（しょくむ）：job allowance (the amount depends on the position you hold)

資格手当（しかく）：qualification allowance (for staff with a professional or language qualification)
扶養手当（ふよう）：dependant allowance (for elderly parents, small children, a spouse at home, …)
赴任手当（ふにん）：posting allowance, for working at another branch or at a client company
管理手当（かんり）：management allowance (when you take responsibility for a team or a production line…)
呼出手当（よびだし）: call-out allowance, when the company calls you in outside working hours
帰休 （ききゅう）: layoff pay, about 60-80% of pay when the company has no work
昇給差額（しょうきゅうさがく）: the pay rise amount (usually once a year)

住宅手当（じゅうたく）：housing allowance
通勤手当（つうきん）：commuting allowance (based on the distance from home to work)
立替金 （たてかえきん）：advance payment
残業手当（ざんぎょう）：overtime allowance
交替手当（こうたい）: shift allowance (between day and night shifts)
深夜手当 (しんや）: late-night allowance (after 10pm)

🔸 3. 控除 （こうじょ）：deductions
不就業控除（ふしゅうぎょう) : pay deducted for time off (when you have no paid leave left, or have it but do not use it)
健康保険料 (けんこうほけんりょう): health insurance, used at clinics and hospitals (you normally pay only 30% of the cost of treatment and medicine, with insurance covering the rest)

厚生年金保険料 (こうせいねんきんほけん)：usually shortened to nenkin, this is pension insurance (if you work continuously to retirement, or in case of death or incapacity, you receive this benefit)

雇用保険料(こようほけんりょう)：unemployment insurance (it pays out if you lose your job, and during maternity or childcare leave)

所得税（しょとくぜい）：income tax (paid on your monthly income)
住民税（じゅうみんぜい）or 市区町村税：residence tax (paid to the local authority where you live. It is based on your income in the previous tax year, so in your first year of work it is not deducted)

協助会会費（きょうじょかいかいひ）: company welfare association fee
(our company uses this money for visits to sick staff, wedding gifts, …)
寮費（りょうひ）: accommodation charge

水道光熱費（すいどうこうねつひ）: water, electricity and gas
弁当代（べんとうだい）: company meal charge
社服 （しゃふく）: uniform and footwear
控除全合計（こうじょぜんごうけい）: total deductions

🔸 4. 差引支給額
This is the pay you actually receive once all deductions have been taken off.
銀行振込（ぎんこうふりこみ）: bank transfer
現金支給額（げんきんしきゅうがく）: the amount paid in cash

See also:
Vocabulary You Need at the Bank in Japan
10 Japanese Particles of Time