Common Japanese Grammar Patterns – Part 1

08/05/202315 min read

Translated from the Vietnamese original. View the original.

Some common Japanese grammar patterns – Part 1
Basic Japanese grammar patterns

1. Should (do something)
~したほうがいい(~したほうが良い)
(“hou ga ii” = going in the direction of ~ is good = “should”)
道に迷ったら地元の人に聞いたほうがいいですよ。
If you get lost you should ask someone who lives there.

2. Should not (do something)
~しないほうがいい
(“hou ga ii” = going in the direction of ~ is good = “should”)
大雨だから外出しないほうがいいよ。電線が落ちてくる恐れがあるよ。
It's raining hard so you shouldn't go out. A power line could come down.

3. Rather ~ than ~
~するよりも、むしろ~したほうがいい
(~ yori mo = rather than …, mushiro … = would rather …)
自由を奪われるよりも、むしろ死んだほうがいい。
I would rather die than have my freedom taken away.

4. No wonder (something you didn't understand before, once you learn the reason)
道理で(どうりで)~
douri is the logic or cause of things; douri de = no wonder
道理で彼は逃げ出した。(彼は犯人だから。)
No wonder he ran away. (He's the culprit.)

5. Surely not, it can't be that
まさか~ではないでしょうか(ではないだろうか)
masa = exactly, precisely; masa ka = surely not
漢の軍の中にそんなに楚人がいるのは、まさか楚の地は漢の軍に陥ったのではないだろうか。
There are so many Chu people in the Han army; can the land of Chu already have fallen to them?
まさか王様は殺されたか。
Can the king really have been killed?

6. Only, just.
~だけ、ただ(只)~だけです。
(dake = only, tada = just)
店員:何をお探しでしょうか。
Assistant: What are you looking for?
客:見るだけです。
Customer: I'm just looking.
大学に入りたいから受験するわけではない。ただ自分の力をはかるだけです。
I'm not taking the exam because I want to go to university. I just want to measure my own ability.

7. Nothing more than
~にすぎない(~に過ぎない、~にすぎません)
ただ~にすぎない (emphasis)(只~に過ぎない)
(tada = only, sugiru = exceed, ~ ni suginai = no more than ~)
人生は夢に過ぎない。
Life is nothing more than a dream.
それはただ娯楽に過ぎなかった。
That's nothing more than a game.

Note that “~ ni suginai” differs from “~ dake” above: “~ ni suginai” means “is nothing more than” (comparing two things, used with two nouns), while “~ dake” means “only ~”, and can be used for actions (only doing something) or nouns (“I'm only a student”).

8. It's not that
~わけではない。
(wake = “meaning”, “sense”; “wake de wa nai” = “it's not that”)
あなたの方法は間違えたわけではない。ただその方法だと時間がかかってしまう。
It's not that your method is wrong. It's just that it would take a lot of time.

9. Plan to (do something)
~するつもりです。
(tsumori = intend, “suru tsumori” = plan to do)
日本語を勉強するつもりです。
I plan to study Japanese.

10. Have done before
~したことがある。
(~ ta koto ga aru = “have done before”)
放浪生活をしたことがあります。
I have lived as a drifter before.

11. You may (do something) (permission)
~してもいいです。
たばこをすってもいいです。
You may smoke.

12. You must not (do something) (prohibition)
~してはいけません。
(~ shite wa ikemasen, “ikenai” = “must not”)
このキノコは食べてはいけない。毒があるから。
Don't eat this mushroom. It's poisonous.

13. I want to (do something)
~したい。
(“shitai” = want to do, e.g. nomitai = want to drink; formation: godan verbs take the “i” row + “tai”, ichidan verbs just add “tai”, e.g. tabetai = want to eat).
留学したいです。
I want to study abroad.
チョコレートを食べたい。
I want to eat chocolate.

14. Too ~
~すぎる。
(“sugiru” = go beyond, exceed, too)
ここは暑すぎる。
It's too hot here.
彼はずうずうしすぎる。
He is too shameless.
(ずうずうしい = shameless)
彼はやりすぎた。
He went too far.
彼は言い過ぎた。
He said too much.

15. After doing
~してから
(verb in “te” form + kara, “te kara” = after finishing something, then do something else)
母:ご飯を炊きなさい。
娘:宿題をやってから炊きますよ。

16. Don't
~しないでください。
芝へふまないでください。
Please don't step on the grass.

17. Shall we (invitation)
~しませんか。
(“~ masen ka” is used to invite someone to do something)
ビールを飲みませんか。
Shall we have a beer

18. Let's (do something)! (invitation)
~しましょう。
(“~mashou”: “let's ~”, used to suggest doing something)
公園で散歩しましょう。
Let's go for a walk in the park.

19. Never (done something)
~したことがありません。
シンガポールに行った事がありますか。
Have you ever been to Singapore?
いいえ、行ったことがありません。
No, I have never been there.

20. Please (request)
~してください。
(“kudasai” = “please”)
入る前にチケットを買ってください。
Please buy a ticket before entering.

21. Like (doing something)
~するのが好きです。
(suki = like)
本を読むのが好きです。
I like reading books.

22. I have to (do something)
~しなくちゃいけない。(=~しなくてはいけない)
~しないといけない。
~しなくちゃ。(short form)
~しなければなりません。
学長だから学校へ行かなければなりません。
As the principal I have to go to school.
ご飯を炊かなくちゃ!
I have to cook first!
今日は締め切りだから、図書館へ本を返さないといけない。
Today is the deadline so I have to return the books to the library.
もう11時だから買い物をしなくちゃいけない。
It's already 11 o'clock so I have to go shopping.

23. Probably
~でしょう。(formal)
~だろう。 (informal)
(“darou” and “deshou” express probability, a high chance of something)
今日はいい天気でしょう。
The weather will probably be fine today.
彼は学校をやめたでしょう。
He has probably dropped out of school.
漢軍の中にそんなに楚人がいるから、楚の地は漢軍におちったのだろう。
There are so many Chu people in the Han army, so the land of Chu has probably already fallen.

24. Sometimes ~, sometimes ~
~したり~したりする
(~ tari ~ tari: sometimes doing this, sometimes that; “utattari naitari suru” = “sometimes singing, sometimes crying”, used with the past form)
彼は飲食店でバイトしたり、オークションでものを売ったりしてお金をかせいで生活している。
He makes a living sometimes working part-time at a restaurant, sometimes selling things at auction.

25. Because (cause), since, due to
~だから(~ですから、~から) (because, since)
~ので (as)
~ため (because of)
~で (due to)
風邪でバーベキューに行けない。
Because I caught a cold I couldn't go to the barbecue.
雨だから気分は落ち込む。
The rain makes me feel down.
雨が降っているから、学校を休むことにした。
Because it's raining I decided to skip school.
忙しいので、行けないです。
Because I'm busy I can't go anywhere.
大雨のため、試合が中止された。
Because of the heavy rain the match was cancelled.

26. Go (to do something)
~しに行きます。
(~ shi ni = in order to ~, “iku” = go)
父は今朝釣りに行きました。
My father went fishing this morning.

27. Good at
~がじょうずです。(~が上手です)
~するのがじょうずだ。
~するのがうまいです。
(jouzu = good at, written with the kanji for “upper hand”, just a phonetic writing; “umai” = “good”, “tasty”)
彼は漢字を書くのがじょうずです。
He writes kanji very well.
彼女は歌がうまい。
She sings well.
水泳が上手だね。
You swim well, don't you.

28. Bad at
~へたです。(~下手だ)
~するのがへたです。
私は日本語がへたです。
My Japanese is terrible.

29. I hear that
~そうです。(~そうだ)
(clause + “sou da”/“sou desu” means “I hear that ~”; note it must be a clause. E.g. “Kare wa gakusei da sou desu”, not “Kare wa gakusei sou desu”, and not “Kare wa gakusei desu sou desu”. Distinguish it from “~ shisou”, which means it looks about to happen: “Ame ga furisou” = “It looks like rain”, “Kare wa kanashisou desu” = “He looks very sad”.)
彼は重要な人物だそうです。
I hear he is an important person.
天気予報によると、今日台風が来るそうです。
According to the weather forecast there's a typhoon today.

30. Try (doing something)
~してみる。
(miru = “see”, here “shite miru” = do something and see how it goes)
日本語を勉強してみた。
I tried studying Japanese.
このシャツを着てみてもいいですか。
May I try this shirt on?
おれは本当のことをいったんだ。あいつに聞いてみて!
I'm only telling the truth. Try asking him yourself!

31. If (you do something)
~なら (supposition)
~ば (supposition)
~たら(~かったら、~だったら) (supposing something has happened)
(“nara” is a general supposition, more of a hypothesis; “~ ba” is if you do something in the future; “~ tara” supposes something HAS happened, though in practice they are often interchangeable.)
大学に入りたいなら、勉強しなさい。
If you want to get into university, then study.
買い物に行けば、漫画を買ってちょうだい。
If you're going shopping, please buy me a manga.
留学するなら、英語をよく勉強したほうがいい。
If you study abroad you should be good at English.
一度やってみます。だめだったらやめます。
I'll try once. If it doesn't work I'll give up.
遊牧民になれば、どんなに自由になるのでしょう。
If I became a nomad, how free would life be?

32. How many times per (period)
[Period] ni [number] kai
~に~回(かい)
(“ni” = within (a period), “kai” = “times”, the frequency of doing something)
私は週にハイキングを2回しています。
I go hiking twice a week.

33. Want (to have something)
~がほしい。(~が欲しい)
(“hoshii” = want, want to own something)
車が欲しい。
I want a car.
お金が欲しい。
I want money.
(Distinguish from “~ suru no ga suki desu”, which is about wanting to DO something)

34. Seem to want to, want to (third person only)
~したがる(したい+がる)
(Used for the third person because the speaker cannot know what the other person wants, only observe that they “seem” to want something. “~ shitai” cannot be used for the third person; “~ shitagaru” is used instead, though listeners will still understand “~ shitai” even if it isn't quite correct Japanese.)
彼はゲームをやりたがっている。
He wants to play games.
彼はお金を欲しがっている。
He wants money.

35. Maybe (probability that something happens)
~かもしれません。(~かもしれない)
(shiru = know, shirenai = cannot know, ka mo shirenai = it may or may not be)
(Note: the probability here is around 50%)
彼はまだ学生かもしれません。
He may be a student.
明日は雨が降るかもしれません。
It may rain tomorrow.

36. What do you think about (doing something)?
~したらどうですか。
(~ shitara = if you do ~, dou = how)
A:大学試験に落ちてどうしたらいいかわからない。
If I fail the university exam I don't know what I'll do.
B:タクシーの運転を勉強したらどう?
What do you think about learning to drive a taxi?

37. As many as (quantity)
[quantity]も
(“mo” emphasises a large quantity: “as many as several thousand people”, “as much as several tonnes”, …)
今日はいい日だ。2メットルもある魚を釣れた。
Today was a good day. I caught a fish as long as 2 metres.
応援チームが優勝したので、広場に数千人も集まっている。
Because the team they support won, as many as several thousand people gathered in the square.

38. Only
~しか~ない。
(shika = “only”, used with a negative; it can be dropped in speech, e.g. “5 sen en shika …” = “I only have 5,000 yen …”)
砂漠には砂しかない。
In the desert there is nothing but sand.
私は5千円しか持っていない。
I only brought 5,000 yen.

39. Do (something) in advance
~しておく。
(“oku” is “to place”, “~ shite oku” is to do something in advance and leave it ready)
親から独立するため、貯金をしておく。
To become independent from my parents I save money in advance.

40. Seems, apparently
~ようです。 (seems like – a feeling)
~らしいです。 (seems like – with grounds, such as hearing it from someone)
~みたいです。 (seems like – visually)
(“you” = form, appearance – what you feel; “rashii” = likely, with grounds such as hearsay; “mitai” = seems, visually – from “miru”, to see)
彼は引退したようです。先彼のお友達と会った。
It seems he has retired. I just met a friend of his.
彼は浮気をしているらしい。行動が怪しい。
It seems he's having an affair. His behaviour is very suspicious.
雨が降ったみたい。道はぬれている。
It seems it has just rained. The road is wet.

Looks about to, seems about to
~しそうです。
(~ shisou: looks as if it's about to happen)
彼は倒産しそうです。
He looks about to go bankrupt.
彼は暴力を振舞いそうです。
He looks about to turn violent.
彼女は泣き出しそうに彼を見た。
She looked at him as if she was about to cry.

41. End up (doing something), accidentally
~してしまう。
(shimau = put away; here it marks something that has happened by accident, using “shite shimau”, usually “shite shimatta”)
かぎをなくしてしまった。
I lost my key.
寝てしまった!
I accidentally fell asleep.
厳しい冬に十分な薪がなければ、凍死してしまう。
In a harsh winter, without enough firewood you'll freeze to death.

42. It would have been better if (regret)
~ばよかった。
~たらよかった。
日本語をよく勉強したらよかった。
It would have been better if I had studied Japanese hard.
朝に買い物しておけばよかった。今台風なのでどこへもいけない。
It would have been better to go shopping in the morning. Now there's a storm so I can't go anywhere.

43. If only I had (regret)
~ばよかったのに。
~たらよかったのに。
(“no ni” = “although”, “~ ba” marks if you do something)
日本語をよく勉強したらよかったのに。
If only I were good at Japanese.
朝に買い物しておけばよかったのに。今台風なのでどこへもいけない。
If only I had gone shopping in the morning. Now there's a storm so I can't go anywhere.

44. Luckily (something happened)
~てよかった。(~て良かった)
(Something happened and it was good (yokatta))
あなたと会えてよかった。
Luckily I met you.
大学に合格してよかった。
Luckily I passed the university exam.

45. While doing
~しながら、~ながら
(“shi nagara” = while doing something)
彼はテレビを見ながらご飯を食べる。
He eats while watching TV.
彼女は涙ながら自分の境遇を語った。
She told her story while crying.

46. Must be, definitely
~はずです。(~はずだ)
(hazu = certainly, it can't be otherwise)
彼はお金持ちのはずだ。気前よく買い物したから。
He must be rich. He spends very generously.
彼はやったはずです。彼は何度も約束したからです。
He must have done it already. He promised many times.

47. Even if, no matter
~しても (even if)
~しようと (no matter what someone does)
~でも (after a noun)
~としても (after a clause, marking a supposition)
雨が降っても行きます。
Even if it rains I'll still go.
親が反対しようと、私は大学を辞めます。
Even if my parents object I'll still drop out of university.
困難でもがんばってやってみます。
Even if it's hard I'll still try.
世界末日だとしても、このゲームをやめられません。

48. Can (verb, ability or circumstance)
~れる
~られる
(Godan verbs: “e” row + “ru” = “~eru”, e.g. dasu: “daseru”, iku: “ikeru”, nomu: “nomeru”;
Ichidan verbs: “rareru”, e.g. taberu: “taberareru”)
この木は食べられる。
This plant is edible.
私は泳げる。
I can swim.
そんな大金は出せませんよ。
I can't put up that much money.

49. Make someone (do something)
~せる
~させる
(“a” row + “seru” for godan verbs, “saseru” for ichidan verbs)
その人はぼくを戦場へ行かせた。まだその人を憎んでいる。
That person made me go to the battlefield. I still hate him for it.
母さんは子供におかゆを食べさせた。
The mother made her child eat porridge.

50. Easy to
~しやすい(~やすい)
(yasui = easy)
食べやすい:Easy to eat
しやすい:Easy to do

51. Hard to
~にくい、~しにくい
(nikui = hard)
読みにくい:Hard to read
やりにくい:Hard to do

52. Cannot (do something)
~ができない
~することができない
~するのができない
(dekiru = can, dekinai = cannot, used with “ga”)
水泳ができない。
I can't swim.
漢字を読むことができません。
I can't read kanji.

53. Even though, although, but
~のに
~くせに
(kuse = although ~ still ~, ~ no ni = although, even though)
お金を稼ぎたいのに、どうして登録手数料を払わなければならないですか。
I want to earn money, so why do I have to pay a registration fee?
外に出るの?雨が降っているのに。
Going out? But it's raining.
あいつは何もないくせに、いつも威張っている。
That guy has nothing, yet he's always showing off.

54. Like, as if
~のような、~のように
(“you” = having the form of, seeming like; describing shape)
梅のようにすっぱい:As sour as a plum
このようにしなさい:Do it like this.
彼は天使のような顔をしている。
He has a face like an angel.

55. Do it (an order to someone junior)
~なさい、~しなさい
(“nasai”: used with juniors such as children, or by teachers to pupils; not used where politeness is required (then use “~ shite kudasai”))
宿題をやりなさい。
Do your homework.

56. Whether or not (something happens)
~かどうか
(dou = how, “ka” = “~?” in questions; “~ ka dou ka” = “whether or not”)
明日雨が降るかどうかを知らない。
I don't know whether it will rain tomorrow.
これが本物かどうかは区別できません。
I can't tell whether this is genuine or not.

57. Decide to (do something)
~ことにする
(~ koto ni suru)
今日学校を休むことにした。
Today I decided to skip school.
今年の夏北海道へ旅行することにした。
This summer I decided to travel to Hokkaido.

58. Have just (done something)
~したばかり
Past verb (“ta”) + bakari
食べたばかりです。
I have just eaten.

59. Have become able to
~ようになる
you = like, naru = become, you ni naru = come to be able to
たくさん練習したから、漢字が読めるようになる。
Thanks to a lot of practice I can now read kanji.

60. It has been decided (by assignment or an order from above)
~ことになる。
koto = thing, must (do something), koto ni naru = it is decided that
出張することになった。
It has been decided that I'll go on a business trip.

61. Only when (first experience)
~て初めて
Verb “te” + hajimete (for the first time)
日本に来て初めて刺身のおいしさがわかる。
Only when I came to Japan did I understand how good sashimi is.

62. Depending on
~によって
yoru = depend on; ~ ni yotte ~: depending on ~, ~
天候によって、桜の咲く時期が異なる。
Depending on the climate, cherry blossoms bloom at different times.

63. Like
~のような
Noun + no you na + noun
天使のような顔
A face like an angel's

64. The more ~ the more ~
~ば~ほど
ba = if, hodo = the more
日本語を勉強すれば勉強するほど面白くなる。
The more you study Japanese the more interesting it gets.

65. Nothing but
Nばかり
bakari = nothing but
この畑にはラベンダーばかりです。
This garden is nothing but lavender.

66. Famous for
~は~で有名
yuumei = famous
日本は刺身で有名です。
Japan is famous for raw fish.

67. Starting with (listing)
N+を始め
hajime = beginning
さしみを始め、てんぷら、そばなどは日本の特色の料理です。
Starting with sashimi, dishes such as tempura and soba are Japanese specialities.

68. -ly, -ic
N + 的
teki = in a ~ way
楽観的な考え方
An optimistic way of thinking

69. About, roughly
~は~くらいです。
kurai = about, roughly
魚は1キロぐらいです。
A fish of about 1 kilo.

70. As long as ~, then ~
~さえ~ば
sae = as long as, even
健康さえあれば幸せになれる。
As long as you have your health you can be happy.

71. To the extent of
~ほど
hodo = extent
死ぬほど怖い:Scared to death
泣くほどうれしい:So happy I could cry

72. Just as it is
~まま
mama = still (doing something, in some state)
彼は雨でぬれたまま自分の結婚式に出た。
He came to his own wedding still soaked from the rain.
ありのままで試合を勝てないぞ!
You won't win the match just doing what comes naturally!
十年前、着の身着のまま逃亡した。
Ten years ago I fled with only the clothes on my back.
靴のままでいいですよ。
You may keep your shoes on.

73. Going out of one's way
わざわざ
wazawaza = waza to = going out of one's way
わざわざ遠くから来てくれてありがとう!
Thank you for coming all this way.

74. Supposing, if (a hypothesis)
~としたら
~to shitara = supposing
もし明日は世界末日なら何をする?
今晩ビールを飲みまくる!
If tomorrow were the end of the world, what would you do?
Tonight I'm going to drink beer to my heart's content!

See also:
25 Basic N4 Grammar Structures
10 Basic N5 Grammar Patterns

Related posts