Mimi Kara Oboeru N4 Grammar: 2. ~ る/られる

Mimi Kara Oboeru N4 Grammar: 2. ~ る/られる (ru/ rareru)
Here is Japanese N4 grammar study material taken from the Mimi Kara Oboeru N4 textbook.

~ る/られる (potential form of verbs):
1. How to form it from the dictionary form (Vる):
– Group I verbs: ending in the [う] row => [え] row ＋る
– Group II verbs: ending る => られる
– Group III verbs: する => できる ; 来る（くる） => 来られる（こられる）
*** Note:
1 – Verbs describing a state are not used in the potential form.
2 – Verbs in the potential form belong to group II.
3 – A verb in the potential form becomes a stative verb, so the particle を marking the object of the action no longer fits and we switch to the particle が. With this in mind, note that when を marks the space where an action takes place, it does not change （公園を散歩します）.

2. Meaning:
a. Expresses the ability to act: says whether someone can or cannot do something.
Examples:
ﾘﾝさんは日本語を話せます。
Rin-san wa nihongo o hanasemasu.
Lien can speak Japanese.

b. Guessing whether something is possible.
きんえんです。ここでたばこを吸えません。
Kin e ndesu. Koko de tabako o suemasen.
No smoking. You cannot smoke here.

この肉は古くなりました。もう食べられません。
Kono niku wa furuku narimashita. Mō tabe raremasen.
This meat has gone old. I cannot eat it any more.