Learn Minna no Nihongo Grammar – Lesson 39

16/07/2021Updated 06/05/20264 min read

Translated from the Vietnamese original. View the original.

Learn Minna no Nihongo Grammar – Lesson 39
Let’s study N5-level Japanese grammar, lesson by lesson, following the Minna no Nihongo textbook.

1. Grammar

The forms above are used to give a cause or reason. In this pattern the first clause gives the cause and the second gives the result it produces.

Unlike ~から, which we learned in lesson 9, this pattern has a number of restrictions.

Usage:

1.1 The second clause usually contains words that carry no intention, specifically:

◈ Adjectives and verbs expressing emotion: びっくりする、安心する、困る、さびしい、残念だ…

ニュースを聞いて、 びっくりしました。
I was surprised when I heard the news.

暑くて、寝られませんでした。
I cannot sleep because it is hot.

◈ わからない and negative potential verbs: いけない、のめない、食べられない…

土曜日は 都合が悪くて、いけません。
I cannot go because I am busy on Saturday.

話が複雑で、あまりわかりませんでした。
I do not really understand because the story is complicated.

◈ A situation in the past:

じこがあって、バスが 遅れてしまいました。
The bus was late because of an accident.

授業に遅れて、先生にしかられました。
I was told off by the teacher because I was late for class.

1.2 In this pattern, the second clause cannot express intention (will, an order, an invitation, a request). When the second clause carries intention, the first clause does not use the て form; から is used instead.

あぶないですから、きかいに触らないで ください。 ( ○ )
It is dangerous, so please do not touch the machine.
あぶなくて、きかいに 触らないで ください。 ( × )

1.3 In this pattern, the first and second clauses are in time order. That is, what happens in the first clause comes first and what happens in the second clause comes after:

あした 会議が ありますから、今日 準備しなければ なりません。(○)
There is a meeting tomorrow, so I have to prepare today.
あした 会議が あって、今日 準備しなければなりません。(×)

2. The grammar pattern N で

2.1 The particle で often gives a cause; in that case the noun used is usually one strong enough to cause a result, such as: じこ(accident), じしん (earthquake), かじ (fire)…

Examples:
じこで 電車が とまりました。
The accident stopped the trains.

ゆきで 新幹線が 遅れました。
Snow made the Shinkansen late.

2.2. It is not used when the second clause carries intention:

病気で 明日 会社を 休みたいです。 ( × )
I am ill, so I want to take tomorrow off.

3. The grammar pattern ~ので

3.1 Meaning:

– Like ~ から, which we learned in lesson 9, ~ので gives a cause or reason. ~から stresses the cause subjectively, while ~ので presents the link between cause and effect objectively, as a natural sequence.

– ~ので is used to soften the speaker’s subjectivity so the listener does not feel pressured; it is also often used to give a reason gently when asking permission.

気分が悪いので、先に 帰っても いいですか。
I am not feeling well, so may I leave early?

バスが なかなか 来なかったので、大学に遅れました。
The bus just would not come, so I was late for class.

– Because it is a gentle, objective expression, the imperative and prohibitive forms are not used in the second clause.

この荷物は じゃまなので、かたづけろう。 (×)
This luggage is in the way, so let us move it.

3.2 Usage: ~ので comes directly after a noun, verb or adjective in the plain form

V plain form +ので、~
A い
A な plain form
~だ-> な
N

3.3 ~ので follows the plain form as shown above; when you want to be more polite, put it after the polite form:

Examples:

レポートを 書かなければなりませんので、今日は はやく 帰ります。

(=レポートを 書かなければならないので、今日は はやく 帰ります。)
I have to write a report, so I am going home early today

4. The difference between 気持ちがいい and 気分がいい

These expressions have different meanings, so be careful how you use them.

気持ちがいい is used when the speaker
feels pleasant or refreshed because of
something external.
Examples:
今日は天気がよくて、気持ちがいいです。
The weather is lovely today, which makes me feel
refreshed.
気分がいい is used when the speaker
feels pleasant or well from within,
such as psychologically or physically.
Examples:
薬を飲んで、熱が下がったので、気分が
いいです。
I took the medicine, my fever went down and
I feel well.

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