How to Use the Particles が and を in Japanese
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How to use the particles が and を in Japanese
The particles most often discussed in Japanese are て、に、を、は、が. If we think of a Japanese sentence as a frame, particles like て、に、を、は、が are what hold that frame together. When particles give you trouble and you wonder what they mean, have a look at the section below; we hope it helps.
I. How to use the particle が
1. Marking the subject of a sentence
a) In questions
だれがいきますか?Who will go?
私がいきます。I will go
いつがいいですか?
When is convenient
明日がいいです。
Tomorrow is fine
どれがあなたの辞書ですか?
Which one is your dictionary?
これが私の辞書です。
This one is my dictionary
b) In sentences of existence, marking the existence of a person, thing or event
教室に誰がいましたか?Who was in the classroom?
田中さんがいました。Tanaka was there
机の上に何がありますか?What is on the desk?
本があります。There's a book on the desk
友達と約束がある。I have an appointment with a friend
c) In sentences with adjectives or comparisons
日本は交通が便利です。
Transport in Japan is convenient
東京とソウルと、どちらが寒いですか
Which is colder, Tokyo or Seoul?
ソウルの方が寒いです。Seoul is colder
クラスで誰が一番背が高いですか?
Who is the tallest in the class?
田中さんが一番背が高いです。
Tanaka is the tallest in the class
d) The subject in intransitive-verb sentences or sentences describing phenomena
桜の花が咲きました。
The cherry blossoms have bloomed
雨が降っています。
It is raining
先週、ここで交通事故がありました。
Last week there was a traffic accident here
e) The subject of a subordinate clause
Noun clause:
これは私が撮った写真です。This is a photo I took
Time clause:
私が小学二年生だったとき、父は死にました。
My father died when I was in the second year of primary school
Reason clause:
仕事が忙しいので、私は旅行に参加できません。
I couldn't join the trip because work was too busy
Conditional clause:
田中さんがきたら、これを渡してください。
Please give this to Tanaka if he comes
f) In sentences describing a state
ドアに鍵がかかっている。
The key is hanging on the door
入り口に警察が立っています。
A police officer is standing at the entrance
黒板に字が書いてあります。
The words have been written on the blackboard in advance
部屋に花が飾ってあります。
Flowers have been arranged in the house in advance
2. Marking the object
a) Marking the object of a feeling or emotion in adjective sentences
あなたは料理が上手ですね。
You're really good at cooking
私はスポーツが好きです。
I like sport
彼は英語が得意です。
He is good at English
b) Marking the object in sentences expressing desire
私はパソコンが欲しいです。
I want a computer
私は水が飲みたいです。
I want to drink water
今日は焼き肉が食べたいですね。
I want to eat grilled meat today
c) Marking the object in sentences expressing ability
あなたは韓国語がわかりますか?
Do you understand Korean?
あなたは車の運転ができますか?
Can you drive?
私は中国語が話せます。
I can speak Chinese
3. As a connecting particle
a) Used to express contrast
彼女は美人だが、性格が冷たい。
She is pretty but her personality is cold
薬を飲みましたが熱があがれません。
I took the medicine but my temperature still hasn't come down
行きたくないが行かなければならない。
I don't want to go but I still have to
b) Used to link a sentence to what came before
すみまぜんが、近くにトレイはありませんか?
Excuse me, is there a toilet near here?
この前の話ですが、どうなりましたか?
About what we talked about earlier, I wonder how it's going now?
僕はコーヒーにしますが、あなたは?
I'll have coffee, and you?
II. How to use the particle を:
The notes below may not be complete, but we hope they help you understand a little more about the particles covered here.
1. With transitive verbs, を marks the object of the action
私は日本語を勉強しています。
I'm studying Japanese
もう食べましたか?
Have you eaten yet?
田中さんを呼んでください。
Call Tanaka over here.
2. Used with movement
a) Marking the place you leave
電車を降りる。
Get off the train
毎日、7時家を出ます。
I leave the house at 7 every morning
大学を卒業したのはいつですか?
When did you graduate from university?
b) Marking the place you move through
鳥は空を飛びます。
Birds fly across the sky
信号のところを右へ曲がってください。
Please turn right at the traffic lights
毎朝、私は近くの公園を散歩します。
Every morning I walk around the park.
c) Marking a period of time passed
夏休みをアメリカで過ごしました。
I spent the summer holiday in America
ここは私が少年時代を送った懐かしい家です。
This is the house where I spent my childhood.
長い年月を経て、この作品を書き上げた。
This work was written over many years.
3. Used in causative sentences with transitive verbs.
彼は冗談を言って、みんなを笑わせた。
His joke made everyone laugh.
早く子供を寝させたほうがいいですよ。
It's best to put children to bed early.
社長は遅くまで社員を働かせた。
The director made the staff work very late
See also:
How to Use Particles in Japanese
How to Use 20 Japanese Particles